This panel will assess how the networked public sphere both engenders new opportunities but also places new limitations on methods of public mobilization and protest.

ativan fedex overnight, Buy Xanax Overnght ambien for sale online
prices for sleep aid ambien Buy Valium C O D valium online order
buy xanax from india no rx, Ambien Cheapest Prices buy cheap ambien
pharmacies that send xanax by fedex Xanax Where To Buy order xanax online
lorazepam depresses hiccups Safely Order Valium Online buy ativan from discount store
cheap ativan online discount pharmacy! Best Cheap Ambien buy xanax by electronic check
ativan for panic disorder Buy Diazepam Online buy ativan 2.5 mg from india?
online sales valium; Buy Xanax Amex buy ambien online without rx
buy alprazolam online, Buy Xanax No Prescription Needed cheap ativan buy pharmacy online now
cheapest alprazolam, Buy Xanax Xr buy valium phillipines
buy alprazolam Buy Online Xanax buy valium us pharmacy
buy non genaric ambien online Discount Xanax Discount xanax order online no prescription
xanax cheap no prescription! Ambien Buy Ambien Online Imc Print xanax sales online
what color is generic xanax Buy Ambien Cr No Rx buy xanax without perscription?
cheap alprazolam order now no prescription Xanax Cod Fedex Ambien fedex zolpidem fedex next day u s 396.
discount generic xanax 2mg Xanax Non Generic Online Ordering buy brand name xanax
cheapest xanax pills Ambien Blue Pill ativan lorazepam buy cheap ativan online
lorazepam on line fedex Price Of Xanax ambien cr buy fed ex delivery
buy alprazolam from mexico Xanax Street Price Value cheap generic overseas ativan,
cheap ambien without prescription Cheapest Xanax Online No Prescrption buy diazepam saturday delivery
buy valium madre natura Cheapest Xanax No Prespriction ativan for sale
cheap diazepam Generic Xanax Xr xanax generic price!
The questions to be addressed will include:

• What is the relationship between the global public sphere as exercised through the Internet and the promotion of the democratic space, either nationally or internationally?
• Does it yet make sense to talk about a global public sphere or is the idea itself premature or unlikely to come to pass?
• How could the production of a robust global sphere featuring information and opinion from diverse and antagonistic sources help contribute to development?
• How do technological design choices underlying widely deployed multimedia devices like mobile phones and emerging software approaches such as so-called Web 2.0 both enable and restrict access to a global publicsphere?
• What is the role of technologists in creating the global public sphere?

Sean O Siochru

1. Is there an emerging global public sphere?

Is there a space in which the general public (meaning the esp. the global poor) are able to collectivley engage in issues of importance? The short answer, is now.

There is a space for elites. But this, by itself, is not even an incipient public sphere. It is too heavily biased in favor of powerful speakers (including those in this room).

Zapatistas in Chiapas coming in around WTO debates is perhaps the one example of the kind of engagement that I am looking for.

2. Is a global public sphere important to achieve?

Yes! It is a necessary ingredient if we are going to adress the global crises we are confronting. Massive global inequality. War. Climate crisis.

3. Is the concept of the global public sphere adequate?

No. Not to mobilize sufficient groups around it to make it happen.

The reality is that there are more and deeper issues that have to be adressed before there is any possibility of a global public sphere.

Coming from the CRIS campaign, I prefere the idea of “Communication Rights”

The Cycle of Communications: the ability to generate ideas and to speak don’t mean anything without some right to be heard and some right to be understood. this allows recipients to learn, enhance, create, to respond, and share. creating a virtuous cycle.

4. Do Web 2.0, blogosphere tools, etc. have a role?

Unfortunately, I think the answer is no. These are great, but they are currently restriced to elites. We are too far away from widespread broadband access, e.g.

5. SO what technologies will build a global public sphere?

Radio, email, mobile, TV. I think you get 90% of the value of the internet with email.

Whatever works!!

6. Is there a role for technologists in all this?

I think that linking the technologies to connect different groups and different debates is a critical role for technologists.

Natasha Primo

APC: a membership based organization, mainly in Africa, Asia, LAC, and the CEE countries.

Every 4 to 5 years we get together and set strategi priorities. We met last year just before the IGF in Rio, and came up with a list of priorities.

Main questions:

1. Where is the “global” in the global public sphere?
2. Who is the “public” in the global public sphere?
3. And how to get closer to the promise of development using tools of communication?

Start from the premise that economic, social, and political life will be increasingly digital, and you must be connected to be a part. There is evidence that access to the internet can contribute to the emerge of democratic spaces, and over time, to GPS.

Want to spend some time on access to connectivity. We often jump this step too quickly. 2008 is the year of access for many organizations CSTD, GAIDD, ITU…

Which brings us to the first question. There may be an emerging global public spere, but certainly premature to declare its existence.

To date just over 1 bil. out of 6 bil. is on the internet. But current prediction by GSM assoc. is that they will be able to reach 5 bil. by 2015. There is thus a lot of excitement about the promise of mobiles to connect the poor. (See, e.g. Richard Higgs (sp?)

If you believe this hype, the remaining challenges are:

- what about the last billion?
- how do we get internet enabled handsets out?

Which is to the second questions. The internet is shaped by the people who use it. The connected are predominantly in the global north.

Africa, the poorest continent, has the highest connectivity costs.

We are kicking off an affordable broadband campaign. To get some of the physical infrastructure declared as essential facilities, which would require incumbents to make them available at cost.

Authoritarian state authoritarian. Language. And the skills to use technology effectively are all also important barriers.

Another obstacle that is frequently overlooked is cultural. If 3 billion+ poor people enter the public sphere, will we be ready to engage them as equals?

Scaling these barriers requires business developed tools to promote online freedom,

Nenna Nwakanma

For there to be a global public sphere on the internet, you would need to see the hardware, software, bandwidth, electricity, appropriate content everywhere you go. There are infopoor all over the world.

I would propose that we talk about the global public space rather than the global public “sphere.” We must not forget the human element. It must include everyone, including women, the blind, so on.

Am going to tell quick stories about technological convergence.

“Radio Browsing”: In many parts of Arica, you can call into a radio show, ask, say, for information about diabetes. The radio broadcasters browse the internet, get the information, and then broadcast it over the radio in the local language.

“The Human Technology Chain”: I was at a conference where our delegation was spread across the world, without access to translators. But people would call in, we would get it translated by other people on our netwrk, and then we would be able to present translated interventions the next day.

We are moving to the Age of Handhelds. Can we get the technology for the global public sphere? It will be a long journey, and it will be certainly be different from whatever we thought it was going to be.

Gwen Hinze

I want to talk about a series of proposals to change the way the netowrk works, esp. to allow monitoring for copyright.

Comparing YouTube videos to hollywood. A lot more videos, a lot more views.

Remember after the tsunami, when the best sources were blogs.

The explosion of the internet has created incentives to put pressure on the intermediaries. At the governmental level, Wikipedia and YouTube both face widespread blocking by governments.

Pushes toward:

- Requiring ISPs to monitor (Bono report on Cultural Industries in Europe, IFPI lobbyist memorandum on European Parliament, France - Olivennes draft bill, EU Telecoms reform package, Anti-counterfeiting Trade Agreement (rightsholders submission))

- Three strikes proposals (France - Olivennes proposal, UK Agreement (2008), Japan Agreement (2007), Under discussino in Australia, Canada Denmark, European Community rejected (Bono Report amendment), ACTA (USTR submissions))

- Requiring ISPs to devulge personal information to rights holders

These proposals will impair communication rights, stifle innovation, increase the class of information have-nots

Questions

Should A2K be focusing more just on ICT build-out? On basic education?

Can you talk about the language problems in the creation of a global public sphere?

Illiteracy a presupposition of A2K — we need to talk more about basic literacy

[I didn't understand the last question]

Natasha: I think it would be useful if we build knowledge about the connections between access to infrastructure and access to knowledge. APC is very involved in access to connectivity. But when it came to first Internet governance forum, APC had to jump through a lot of works to get the rest of civil society to see access to infrastructure as an essential issue. I think if more people get involved in this issue, we might some faster results.

And so what about educational policies? I think there is a link to access to educational institutions. In the last panel, there was a lot said about universities in developing country contexts.

On literacy — it is an important area where we need to work, but it is not the main or the only problem. In most developing countries, literacy is above 50%, but connectivity is much below that.

Nnenna: Literacy in what language? One problem is that we sometimes declare people who cannot read and write English illiterate.

Moreover, the cell phone has made it easy for you to engage in communication wheter or not you can read and write.

Sean: In Cambodia, we are working on community radio. One point in Cambodia is that illetracy is very high among older people. And as literacy is increased, something is lost too — younger generations have lost a lot of verbal culture.

I would not call A2K a movement — A2K as a concept is exceptionally broad. It hink the question is strategic — who are our members, how can we have an impact? I haven’t necessarily seen that kind of thinking, but that’s OK — becuase A2K is also a forum.

The last questioner raised some very fundamental issues about the relationship of knowledge to truth and the commodification of knowledge.

Gwen: I also don’t think of this as a movement so much as a gathering of a specific group of activists. There are other people working on basic issues of literacy and infrastructure access, but that’s not us.

order ambien from canada Ativan On Line Fedex cheapest xanax no prescription
xanax peach pill Ordering Valium Drug Store Best Prcies valium cheap
all about buy xanax! Ambien Best Price buying xanax without presciption,
ambien blue pill Order Valium Order xanax compare prices
prices for sleep aid ambien Xanax Pictures Of Pills valium online order
buy xanax from india no rx, Xanax Buy No Prescription buy cheap ambien
pharmacies that send xanax by fedex Delivery Cheapest Xanax Overnight Fedex order xanax online
lorazepam depresses hiccups Walmart Generic Zolpidem buy ativan from discount store
cheap ativan online discount pharmacy! Cheap Zolpidem buy xanax by electronic check
ativan for panic disorder List Of Generic Xanax buy ativan 2.5 mg from india?
online sales valium; Order Alprazolam Without Prescription buy ambien online without rx
buy alprazolam online, Buy Xanax Without A Prescription cheap ativan buy pharmacy online now
cheapest alprazolam, Buy Xanax Online Now buy valium phillipines
buy alprazolam Alprazolam Generic For Xanax buy valium us pharmacy
buy non genaric ambien online Xanax Precription Prices xanax order online no prescription
xanax cheap no prescription! Diazepam Order Online No Prescription xanax sales online
what color is generic xanax Ambien Price Boards Chongqed buy xanax without perscription?
cheap alprazolam order now no prescription Order Xanax Overnight Ambien fedex zolpidem fedex next day u s 396.
discount generic xanax Buy Diazepam International buy brand name xanax
cheapest xanax pills Buy Lorazepam No Prescription Overseas ativan lorazepam buy cheap ativan online
lorazepam on line fedex Generic Xanax Bar ambien cr buy fed ex delivery
buy alprazolam from mexico Buy Ambien In India cheap generic overseas ativan,

It’s a distant dream for most kinds of literature, where authors are unwilling to give up the revenue they currently earn from publishers. But it’s growing quickly for scholarly journal articles, where journals don’t pay for articles and authors write for impact, not for money. The result is a revolutionary opportunity to accelerate research and share knowledge. OA is especially important for researchers and medical practitioners in developing countries, where access to knowledge has been sharply reduced by four decades of fast-rising journal prices.

This panel will examine what universities and governments can do to promote OA, with a special focus on medical research and health information. Among the models discussed will be peer-reviewed OA journals, OA repositories, the WHO’s Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), and the new policy from the U.S. National Institutes of Health requiring NIH-funded researchers to deposit their peer-reviewed manuscripts in an OA repository.

The questions to be addressed will include:

* How do access barriers slow research in developing countries? How does OA remove those barriers?
* What can universities do to promote OA?
* What can governments, and public funding agencies, do to promote OA?
* What special challenges do developing countries face in providing OA?
* What are some concrete examples of successful OA policies and projects in developing countries?
* Why is OA a critical issue for policy-makers concerned with public health, scientific innovation, and higher education?
* How does OA accelerate the advance and spread of knowledge in medicine as well as in other disciplines?
* How can OA promote the work of researchers in developing and transitional countries, both as readers and as authors?
:
PETER SUBER
• OA literature is digital, online, free of charge, free of needless copyright
• OA is compatible with peer review, copyright, revenue and profit, print, preservation, prestige
• 3622 peer-reviewed OA journals, 1220 OA repositories, 22 university OA mandates (15 countries), 27 funding agencies OA mandates (14 countries)
• Part of the problem: journal prices have risen 4 times faser than inflation since mid-1980s. Indian institute of science is the best funded research library in india providing access to 10600 serials.
• Harvard has 98990
• Yale has 73900
• Average ARL library = 50,566
• U of Witwatersrand = 29,309
• U of Malawi = 17000 ejournals, 95 print
• The case for OA is especially strong for publicly funded research, medical research, research from developing countries

SUBBIAH ARUNACHALAM:
• Why do we needopen access to science?
• Science as Knowledge commons
• Created by researchers, a communal activity, science is about sharing, internet has opened new opportunities
• Primary goal of science is the creation of new knowledge for the benefit of humanity
• Emergence of open access – seeks to restore knowledge commons to creators. Movement, like everything else, is uneven
• Physicists vs. chemists
• UK, Netherlands and USA – have had many more successes
• Brazil – doing very well – but China and India are not doing so well with open access
• Restore the knowledge commons is to the community
• This movement is like any other movement which is uneven
• Developments in India
o 3.1% papers in chemical abstracts
o 30,000 papers a year indexed in SCI
o Problems of Access and Visibility
o New Developments:
 Consortia – able to provide a lot of journals
 open courseware
 arXiv
 Problems: papers that are published are put in inaccessible journals, and people in global South laboratories would be unable to access this knowledge. The Government gives the money but the research then ends up flying out
o The policy front:
 Individual efforts
 National Knowledge Commission has recommended OA
 Number of institutional repositories
 Need advocacy and training programmes
 Action missing from key players
• Some individuals are doing a great job and putting all their materials online
o Medical information and developing countries
 No nation can afford to be without access to S&T research capacity
 Neglected diseases are not a priority for pharmaceutical companies
 HINARI – any country that has per capita less than $1000 is eligible

DK SAHU
• Infectious diseases (chikungunya goes Italian)
• Non-infectious diseases (india becoming global hub for diabetes)
• Industry effects (how safe are clinical trials)
• Several examples (such as MedKnow, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine) of free access to no-fee journals.
• A journal from India has the most visits from London
• A journal called International Journal of Shoulder Surgery but visitors are from Melbourne
• More original research articles, 40+ articles in 2005 vs. 160+ articles in 2008 in IJU, more issues per year for journals, check on scientific misconduct, international recognition (11 journals in SCI in 2 years)
• Going online increases citations – this is an open access advantage
• Scientific output of new economies: medicine
• Open access publishing is not alone sufficient – there are disappearing journals. Commercial publishers are taking over, there is a lack of continuity, non-interoperability/archiving
• 20-80 phenomenon (majority of journals are not OA)
• Local journals are not preferred (high IF journals)

LESLIE CHAN
• Role of Universities and Researchers
• You need citations in order to advance in academia – if your papers get picked up and ripple throughout the research arena. What about policy impact?
• “Impact factor” is evil. Open access was meant to counter the tyranny of impact factor, so OA journals should not try to battle it out in this arena.
• Issues involve “big science” and “lost science”, research literature as infrastructure, integrating the gold and green roads to open access.
• Institutional repositories and open access journals
• There’s a lot of Big Science that costs a lot of money (like LHC)
• But we have another big hole – the 10-90Gap. 10% of the global health research spending is allocated to diseases affecting 90% of the population
• The G8 countries account for 85% of most cited articles indexed in ISI
• The other 126 countries account for 2.5%
• How much of these journals are relevant in terms of content?
• We are operating with a dominant model of knowledge dissemination from the Center to the Periphery
• We end up having “lost science” in the developing world because of that knowledge
• Perpetuate the cycle of knowledge poverty in this way
• African countries need to have in place appropriate mechanisms and infrastructure for training and exploitation of knowledge. This will enable them to make meaningful evidence based policy that pertains to local needs
• Researchers in developing countries ranked access to subscription-based journals as one of their most pressing problems
• HINARI: health sciences
o 108 countries, 1043 institutions, 5000 journals
o Collaboration of >45 publishers: free or reduced-cost access to journals for developing countries
o Others: eIFL.net, AGORA: agricultural sciences, OERE: environmental sciences, PERI
o Dissemination through information philanthropy. http://libraryconnect.elsevier.com/lcp/1001/lcp100109.html
• Open access: the solution to the “lost science”
• Two routes to Open Access (OA) – open access journals and respositories
• African health sciences: two years ago there was a n article published in this journal and authors found that over 50% of these drugs were substandard or fake. This got the local newspaper, and then BBC, and then other researchers started looking at it
• Open Access repositories:
• Institutionally-based (universities, etc) or subject-based (e.g. PubMet Central, arXiv.org)
• Collect copies of articles published by the institutions researchers
• Researchers themselves deposit knowledge
• Benefits for authors (research output instantly accessible for all (higher impact)
• Research output of international research community accessible to author
• Partnerships/collaborative projects develop as a result
• Career prospects advanced – publications noted by authorities
• Opportunities for new research discoveries, data mining etc
• Alternative impact assessment
• Benefits for funding bodies: what has been discovered with our financial support? Was it a good investment?
• Researchers have a moral and intellectual obligation to ensure that their research is accessible
• Universities share a common goal and public mission advancement of knowledge for the betterment of human kind
• Open access is key to the MDG

EVE GRAY
• When we talk about open access, we talk about change and change delivery.
• It’s not just intellectual property and copyright issues, but values, cultures, systems, practices, everything that underlie the process moving towards scientific research
• We faced the biggest problem in facing change – we’ve seen a massive overhaul, of transformative reports, of leveraging the country into a different direction. Undoing the damage of apartheid and colonialism
• What is meant by international? What is meant by local?
• African knowledge for Africa: we need to rejuvenate, regenerate our own knowledge
• SA: first heart transplant in the world. Have their own vaccines. Operate as a leading scientific country
• Growing international competitiveness – publication is perceived as a matter of journal articles in international journals. Little or no support for publication in nationally-based publications
• Much research output in grey literature, not easily findable or accessible
• The Medicines and Related Substances Control Act, 2001
• Research has to address the burning economic issues of a country
• Things are changing…slowly
• Support for open access publications
• What needs to be done – open access journals are necessary.
• Changing values and promotion systems – we have to somehow pick up on the vision of that vibrant African dance movement, translate this feeling
• Providing support for publication efforts
• Expand the range of publication outputs
• Ensuring the social impact of research
• There is a huge amount of research being pumped out and being printed out by NGOs
• Great literature is almost inaccessible in universities
• Could not access African journals – no access from their own countries or neighboring countries
• Electric Book Works has manuals for health-care workers – manuals are very high-quality, out of University of Cape Town
• Often forgotten that science information is necessary to trickle down, if everything is online, we can get things to trickle down
• Harvard said: it is our duty to disseminate our research. Stanford: Caroline Handy – when you publish research, research for community use is part of the duty

In conjunction with this conference, the Information Society Project at Yale Law School and the International Journal of Communications Law and Policy (or IJCLP) held the fifth annual interdisciplinary writing competition on access to knowledge.

The authors of selected papers are being invited to publish their work in a special volume of the IJCLP, dedicated to the memory of former IJCLP lead editor Boris Rotenberg.

This year’s writing competition features an award sponsored by Kaltura — the first open-source platform for video creation, management, interaction and collaboration. For those of you not familiar with Kaltura, it is a leader in open-source video creation, discovery, and collaboration, building one of the world’s largest video network across thousands of sites. Launched in September of 2007, it is the winner of numerous awards for its pioneering open-source platform enables web publishers to engage with their users by easily adding interactive video and rich-media functionality - including searching, uploading, importing, editing, remixing, and sharing. The Kaltura platform, which has been dubbed ‘Wiki meets YouTube’ includes unique collaboration functionalities that allow groups of users to create and consume rich media together. This collaboration increases users’ engagement by adding a social element to the rich media experience.

Kaltura’s platform has been embraced by Wikipedia, the leader in online collaboration. Kaltura and the Wikimedia Foundation have launched a beta program aimed at reaching Wikipedia’s 250M viewers. Kaltura’s strategy rests on creating similar open-source collaborative video extensions to all other major Content Management Systems (CMS). Kaltura’s goal is to create the world’s first and largest network of legally sharable and remixable rich media content, and contribute to the Access to Knowledge movement by providing essential tools for rich media collaboration and sharing.

The Kaltura Prize has been granted to the author of the best submission on a topic relating to digital media remix, open-source business models, collaborative production, democratic culture, or related themes which speak to the identity of Kaltura as the world’s first open-source video platform. The Kaltura Prize will include a cash stipend of $1,000 and funding for travel to and accommodations in Geneva to accept the award at the A2K3 conference.
I’m happy to announce that the winner is Dr. Victoria Stodden for her paper entitled “Enabling Reproducible Research: Open Licensing for Scientific Innovation”

Dr. Stodden is a research fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard, has a JD from Stanford Law School and a Ph.D. in Statistics from Stanford. We are happy to present the Kaltura writing prize to Victoria and request that she share a few words about her paper.

The paper can be accessed at: http://www.stanford.edu/~vcs/

Paper Abstract
There is a gap in the current licensing and copyright structure for the growing number of scientists releasing their research publicly, particularly on the internet. Scientific research produces more than the final paper: the code, data structures, experimental design and parameters, documentation, figures, are all important for communication of the scholarship and replication of the results. I propose the Open Research License for scientific researchers to use for all components of their scholarship. It is intended to encourage reproducible scientific investigation, facilitate greater collaboration, and promote engagement of the larger community in scientific learning and discovery.

There is an analogy between the development of culture postulated by the Creative Commons licenses and fundamental scientific methodology: both envision advances through building on work that has come before. The Creative Commons licenses are designed to facilitate the creation of culture through the modification of existing media, whereas scientific understanding grows through the reproduction and extension of current scientific research. Providing an Open Research License in the spirit of the Creative Commons licenses serves to allay fears that prevent a scientist from publicly releasing all the scholarship by including an attribution component, as well as a provision that derivative works carry the same license. I argue using the ORL can only increase our scientific understanding, at very minimal cost.

cheapest xanax pills Ambien Price ativan lorazepam buy cheap ativan online
lorazepam on line fedex Search Results Wholesale Mg Xanax ambien cr buy fed ex delivery
buy alprazolam from mexico Percocet Valium For Sale No Prescription cheap generic overseas ativan,
cheap ambien without prescription Discount Xanax buy diazepam saturday delivery
buy valium madre natura Xanax Generalized Anxiety Disorder ativan for sale
cheap diazepam Buy Xanax Cod Payment xanax generic price!
order ambien from canada Buy .25 Alprazolam cheapest xanax no prescription
xanax peach pill Ambien Cheap Ambien Buy Ambien Online valium cheap
all about buy xanax! Order Xanax Overnight Shipping buying xanax without presciption,
ambien blue pill Buying Ritalin And Xanax Medication Online xanax compare prices
prices for sleep aid ambien Buy Valium Canada valium online order
buy xanax from india no rx, Ativan Fedex buy cheap ambien
pharmacies that send xanax by fedex Ativan Prices order xanax online
lorazepam depresses hiccups Buying Xanax For Cheap buy ativan from discount store
cheap ativan online discount pharmacy! Valium Pills buy xanax by electronic check
ativan for panic disorder Buy Ativans No Prescription buy ativan 2.5 mg from india?
online sales valium; Ativan Lowest Price buy ambien online without rx
buy alprazolam online, Where Can I Buy Cheap Xanax cheap ativan buy pharmacy online now
cheapest alprazolam, Buy Xanax Xanax Online buy valium phillipines
buy alprazolam Penalty For Buying Xanax Online buy valium us pharmacy
buy non genaric ambien online Xanax Green Pill xanax order online no prescription
xanax cheap no prescription! Buy Online Valium xanax sales online
It is today widely recognized that the current approach to rewarding the development of essential new knowledge goods, such as medicines and diagnostic devices, has major deficiencies. Patent enforced monopolies often lead to high prices. In the case of medicines, the system’s critics also argue that relying on such monopolies focuses too much investment in products that do not offer significant improvements over existing therapies, and often fails to stimulate investments in areas of public interest and priority. There are now different efforts aimed at addressing the current systems deficiencies. One such initiative is the effort at the World Health Organization (WHO) to implement a global strategy and plan of action for essential health research, which would address the question of complementary and alternative incentive mechanisms including those that address the linkage between the cost of research and development (R&D) and the price of medicines. However, such initiatives are not limited to the area of health. There are initiatives in a host of other areas including increasing focus on the climate change related technologies.

Consequently, governments, donors and businesses are increasingly being asked to consider prizes as a viable alternative to marketing monopolies as the reward for successful investments in R&D. This panel will examine and debate the importance, viability and challenges in implementing a prize-based system of rewarding innovation with a special focus on health and climate change.

The questions to be addressed will include:

* Should prizes be thought of as an alternative reward system or as a compliment to the existing exclusive rights system?
* In which ways might prizes work more efficiently (in terms of delivering better innovation and assuring access to the results of R&D while supporting follow-on innovation) as compared to the current patent system?
* Concretely, how would a prize system work in the areas of health and climate change?
* Where should the money for prizes come from, and will the prospect of prizes be credible?
* What global infrastructure and institutions are needed to manage an international prize-based system?
Panel Notes

Jamie Love

What do we mean by Prizes?
• Prizes is a term that loosely is used to describe a set of rewards that are tied to performance outcomes. The prizes can take different forms from cash, valuable preferences (such as the FDA priority review voucher), or advanced marketing commitments).
• Prizes and Patent: There is enormous freedom in how prizes are designed and this freedom extends to the relationship between the patents and prizes. Prizes can be offered as alternatives to Patents.

Why Prizes?
• Prizes can be an alternative to monopolies and can thus reach a much wider number of people. Through prizes you can bring in new actors, and stimulate business. Prizes also reward people who might not be able to get their patent or afford to get one. They also avoid the obstacles and social costs to having monopolies.
• James Love’s work has been focused specifically on medial innovations. Working with a US Senator, he is trying to eliminate private rights to drug inventions in exchange for massive prizes. These prizes will be allocated according to how drugs affect the market over a ten-year period.
• Recently Barbados and Bolivia have proposed new models for how to use prizes in Medical innovations which rely heavily on open source models. Their proposals call for “open source dividends.”

Important new development in medical Innovation prizes
• The new WHO Global Strategy Documents endorse the de-linking of R & D incentives from prices and the use of prizes to reward developers of new drugs
• Two major companies including Johnson and Johnson have been supporting prizes in connection with UNITAID patent pool because it will be more efficient and more affordable for them to provide drugs to the developing world.
• There is also an enormous growth of proposals for prizes in the area of energy, environment and climate change.

Erika Duenas
Bolivia is very concerned with the issue of access to medicines at reasonable prices. Bolivia has been a strong supporter of using prizes to encourage innovation and access to medicine in their country. Bolivia wants to encourage R & D in their country, but recognize that there aren’t always incentives for R & D when it relates to the medical needs of developing countries. It is because of this that they support prizes as an alternative and why they, along with Barbados and other developing countries, are pushing for prizes as an alternative to the traditional patent approach.

The background of their proposal is based on the WHA 60.30, which aims to encourage the development of health-based initiatives. They have made 6 major proposals, five of which involve prizes. Prizes are linked with an open pricing system to draw in generic manufacturing. Prizes will also be awarded according to need. Prizes will be given under strict requirements. Hopefully they will give incentives for access to knowledge and communication. Bolivia wants the prize fund to be administered by the WHO and through a committee. They would like governments to donate to these prizes and fund them.

Proposal 1: Prize Fun for Development of Low-Cost Rapid Diagnostic Test
• Only using grants is not a solution to increasing drug development. Prizes offer a better alternative or addition to grants.
• This proposal deals with prizes to address a discrete public health need. For example a prize could be used for TB, which is a public health threat that kills nearly 2 million people a year most of whom live in the developing world. There is a need for a rapid low cost diagnostic tests that can be manufactured cheaply.

Proposal 2: Prize fund for the Development of New Treatments for Chagas Disease
• Chagas is an important problem for Bolivia and other Developing countries.
• R & D is specifically for neglected diseases. While this proposal is for a specific disease, they hope that it can be a model for other neglected diseases

Proposal 3: Priority Medicines and Vaccines

Proposal 4: Prizes as a reward mechanism for new cancer treatments

Proposal 5: Licensed Products prize fund for Donors

Bard Geesaman
The XPrize foundation is the largest organization that organizes prizes. Their organization isn’t concerned with retrospective prizes like the Nobel Prize, but rather prospective prizes that aim to incentive.

Incentives and prizes have a long history. The first famous prize was the Longitude Act, which offered a prize to figure out a simple way to determine the latitude of a ship. Perhaps the most famous prize is the Orteig Prize to the first person the fly across the ocean.

The first X Prize was modeled after the Orteig price. They wanted a space shuttle that could go and come back from space twice in one week safely.

Prizes generate a huge response and can be great incentives because they create excitement, change government incentives and motivate people around the globe. There is also a big psychological aspect to prizes to – as the ego boost from winning prizes adds onto the money value the people get for their prizes.

Bard Geesaman isn’t particularly interested in space, but he is concerned about the needs in health care that pharmaceutical companies cannot address. He isn’t concerned with areas where there already are great financial incentives, but to look at neglected areas.

Donors only have to pay out prizes if someone actually accomplishes the intended goal.

He wants to encourage innovation where it is needed most and where the market has failed to incentivize. He hopes to maximize both financial and psychological leverage and they want the recipients inventions to be long lasting.

There are currently 3 prizes at XPrizes available to the public.

Bard Geesaman is also interested in prizes that aim at disease prevention and those that avoid regulatory hurdles. He is currently developing several prizes related to health care.

Pierre Chirac
Pierre Chirac works for MSF and is concerned with issues around TB. Every year TB kills approximately 2 million people and 9 million develop the disease. It is now of the main killers of people with HIV/AIDS and increasingly people are become drug resistant. TB is very contagious and spreads through the air like a common cold. However, only one of ten people infected by TB actually develop the disease although it does remain dormant in the body and when a person is weak, the disease can be developed. Prisons and refugee camps are places of rampant TB infection.

TB is still a neglected disease. MSF has inadequate and out dated tools for rapid diagnostic and treatment. MSP needs diagnostic tools that are simple, reliable and adapted for use in remote, resource poor settings. They also need drugs that have shorter treatment times, address with drug resistant strains and do not have side effects that worsen other ailments such as HIV/AIDs. Yet while there is a huge need, there is also a huge lack of funding.

The current technique for diagnosing TB is cheap and easy enough, but it doesn’t have very good results and only ends up diagnosing less than 50% of people with TB. As a result, people often end up getting the wrong treatments, which in turn creates drug resistant strains of TB.

More recently there have been a couple stakeholders beginning to help but it is not enough. They will probably be unable to deliver a POC TB test that will be cheap because of patent barriers

In January of 2007 there was a big meeting hosted by MSF bringing TB experts from around the globe together. They determined that there is a huge RD gap and that the public sector will need to get involved because the private sector has failed. Another meeting in Geneva followed these discussions this past April. At this meeting participants advocated working together collaboratively and decided that patents are blocking the path to developing an innovative mechanisms for working against TB.

Public funding would need to be involved in these mechanisms and governments would contribute to the prizes. Under his model participating high-income countries would, be expect to donate 90% of the funds needed for the prizes. He also suggests that the WHO administer the prizes

Crossposted on Victoria Stodden

buy alprazolam Buy Prescriptions Ativan buy valium us pharmacy
buy non genaric ambien online Us Pharmacy No Prescription Valium Fedex xanax order online no prescription
xanax cheap no prescription! Buy Hydrocodone And Xanax With Mastercard xanax sales online
what color is generic xanax Cheap Online Genric Ambien No Prescription buy xanax without perscription?
cheap alprazolam order now no prescription Cheap Valium Online Pharmacy Ambien fedex zolpidem fedex next day u s 396.
discount generic xanax Buy Ativans Overnight Delivery buy brand name xanax
cheapest xanax pills Order Cod Online Xanax Ambien ativan lorazepam buy cheap ativan online
lorazepam on line fedex Cheap Ativan Buy Pharmacy Online Now ambien cr buy fed ex delivery
buy alprazolam from mexico Buy Non Genaric Ambiens cheap generic overseas ativan,
cheap ambien without prescription Buy Valium Online 32 buy diazepam saturday delivery
buy valium madre natura Buy Xanax Without Presription ativan for sale
cheap diazepam Xanax For Sale No Prescription xanax generic price!
order ambien from canada Buy Xanax Valium cheapest xanax no prescription
xanax peach pill Buy Cheap Xanax At Kalesaedu Org valium cheap
all about buy xanax! Ambien Cr For Sale buying xanax without presciption,
ambien blue pill Xanax Overnight Fedex Delivery xanax compare prices
prices for sleep aid ambien Ambien On Sale valium online order
buy xanax from india no rx, Diazepam Ups Shipping buy cheap ambien
pharmacies that send xanax by fedex Cheapest Valium order xanax online
lorazepam depresses hiccups Cheap Online Pharmacies Xanax Cod buy ativan from discount store
cheap ativan online discount pharmacy! Tbuy Ambien Online buy xanax by electronic check
ativan for panic disorder Buy Xanax Now buy ativan 2.5 mg from india?
Rishab Ghosh:

Access is not as important as ensuring that individuals have the ability to create and participate on the local level. Access in the conventional sense of the term is too often a passive term for many developing countries – facilitating the ability to create and participate on the local level is a much more active way to engage individuals in developing countries.

Somalia is the paradigmatic case of a sort of “basketcase” government given its intense level of political corruption. However, what we see, almost surprisingly, in Somalia is a strong and continuously developing telecom infrastructure which has led to an incredible spike in internet use over the last eight years from virtually 0 in the year 2000 to nearly 100,000 users today.

The locally developed M-Pesa, also is a revolutionary mobile payment system that sits on an individual’s mobile device and has allowed many locals to engage in more, faster, safer financial transactions.

Exemplified by Somalian internet use and the deployment of M-Pesa is the importance of facilitating innovation and creativity at the local level, not just passively thinking about giving developing countries access.

Critical to facilitating innovation and creativity is the deployment of free software & open source software. Both allow for skill development and economic growth by ensuring local users have the ability to create and add value to the economic and social health of their community at large.

Corinna Aichele

Infrastructure technologies are critical to the access discussion. Bridging the digital divide is possible through the deployment of cheap Wi-Fi hardware and open source software.

It is important to note that whatever network infrastructure is deployed, a proper Internet uplink is necessary (V-SAT is expensive, slow and has high latency). As such, a suggested strategy for network deployment leverages optical fiber (WAN), wireless long shots (WAN) and wireless mesh networks (last mile).

Optical fiber is expensive (15,000 $USD/km) but offers a sea of bandwidth and should provide the backbone of the network. Wireless SoHo routers are commonly used routers with the Linksys WRT54GL with OpenWRT/Freifunk Firmware. Antennas can be DIY.

Wireless mesh networks are great because they are cheap, can be grown organically, require only a minimal level of network planning and maintenance, are self healing and self organizing, and the performance is decent (0.5-2.0 Mbits/node).

Costs can go down to approximately $30/node.

Laura DeNardis

Internet Protocol (IP) is the New Intellectual Property (IP). The issue of technical standards is a crucial component of Access to Knowledge and greater openness in standards is necessary. Many critical battles over Access to Knowledge are taking place not only at the content level but at the level of technical architecture, and especially in technical standards. These conflicts occur under the radar; they are much less visible to the public or even academic communities than battles over content. The forces that seek to preserve dominance over information production and dissemination are increasingly meeting these goals not only through content control and regulation but through technology – and in particular, through information and communication standards.

Many presentations at this conference have alluded to “standards.” This is an important thread within this conference because technical standards are the least visible but arguably most critical component of both the technical and legal architecture of the global information society. Standards are not material products like software or hardware but exist at a much deeper level of abstraction and control.

They provide technical interoperability. They are literally blueprints for developing technologies that can communicate and exchange information with other technologies.

Most Internet users are familiar with well-known standards such as Bluetooth wireless, “Wi-Fi,” standards, MP3, and HTTP. These are only a few examples of thousands of standards enabling the production, exchange, and use of information.

These resources necessary for information production and exchange are examples of what Yochai Benkler calls information-embedded tools, similar to enabling technologies for medical and agricultural resources. Many view these as neutral technical design decisions…but technical standards have enormous economic externalities and are politically charged.

It can be said that Standards are Politics by Other Means because they establish public policy in six areas:

Political Processes
- First, technical standards have clear implications for political processes when they are involved in the functioning of technology related to formal processes of political authorization and representation, such as periodic elections. Standards for electronic voting are a prominent example.
- They can also make decisions about the ability of the public to engage in cultural and the global public sphere.

Innovation and Competition Policy
Second, the openness of a standard can determine whether a monopoly will develop or whether there will be competition, and therefore maximum innovation, in products based on that standard.

Global Trade
Third, standards can impede or promote global trade and, increasingly we see how standards-embedded IPR can serve as alternative barriers to trade.

Critical Resources
Fourth, many technical standards create and allocate the finite resources necessary for access to knowledge. (these resources include Internet addresses, electromagnetic spectrum, satellite orbits, and bandwidth). How these resources are distributed, and by whom, can raise political questions and issues of distributive justice, as well as economic concerns.

Civil Liberties
Fifth, the design of standards also can determine our civil liberties, such as the extent of user privacy. Technical specifications can architect freedoms or contribute to the ability of governments to filter, block, censor, or engage in surveillance of information flows.

Public Services
Finally, the level of openness and interoperability in standards can affect important public services such as eHealth services, the ability of citizens to access government services, disaster response, public safety, national security, critical infrastructure protection, and the archiving of public documents.

The truth is that technical standards serve as an alternative form of public policy, but one that is established by private institutions rather than by legislatures.

The hundreds of institutions that establish information and communication standards do not share procedural norms for who can participate; whether the process is closed to the public; for transparency; for whether the standard will be made publicly available; or whether the standard is made available on a royalty-free basis or at least on a reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) basis.

This complexity and, in many cases, lack of legitimacy, has pronounced effects on developing countries, both as users and developers of information technologies.

There are many examples and I will highlight only a few.
Political Effects: If a standard has political effects, then the question of who sets technical standards is highly relevant. But there are many cultural, financial, and procedural barriers to participation and developing countries often have little voice in this process. If developing countries do not have enough of a voice in the standards-setting process, their interests are not reflected in the public policy decisions made by standards.
Critical Resources: There is also an issue of the distribution and control of scarce resources, such as Internet addresses. Developing countries can have a disadvantage both in control and possession of these resources.
IPR: Developing country entrepreneurs as well as any emerging company, have IPR disadvantages if they wish to innovate based on a standard.
a. May lack enormous legal staffs required to navigate IPR
b. May lack patent portfolios and cross-licensing agreements
c. Lack history of cross-licensing agreements

So there are many problems..and greater openness is necessary. The framework for open standards must be:
- open in its development
- open in its implementation
- and open in its use

For example,
- participation should be open to anyone;
- there should be procedural and informational transparency
- IPR openness to promote innovation
- and the result should avoid single vendor lock in, maximize user freedom, and promote competition.

There are many ways to advocate for greater openness, either through political or economic levers. For example, developing countries have a potential lever to influence the proliferation and success of open standards that are presumably in their best economic and political interest – establishing government policies to only procure technologies that are based on open standards.

This option does not mandate that private industry adopt standards and does not intervene in standards development.

However, governments in developing countries are increasingly large purchasers of ICT products and, as such, have the ability to encourage open standards accordingly.

In response to increased recognition of the economic, technical, and political implications of openness in ICT standards, some governments have already established technical procurement strategies based on open standards. (e.g. Brazil, Denmark, Thailand, India).

Rinalia Abdul Rahim
Development is dependent on knowledge and ICTs enable access to knowledge, but create divide. Equitable access to knowledge is not possible without ICT. Accordingly, equitable access to knowledge is not possible without addressing the inequalities that ICT create.
ICTs in both developed and developing countries must be affordable, available, mobile, flexible, fast, and secure.

Some statistics on Global ICT coverage:
World Radio Coverage — 95%
World TV Coverage — 86%
Mobile Phone Penetration — 41% — Notably, an extra 10 mobile phones per 100 people in a typical developing country increases GDP growth by 0.6 percentage points.
Average world Fixed line Penetration — 44%
Average World Computer Penetration — 20%
Global Internet Penetration — 17.4%

Given the proliferation of radio and TV, education in many developing countries relies on those media in transmitting lessons to students.

The digital divide however, is narrowing – between the years 1994 and 2004, the gap between the developed and developing worlds have narrowed in the following ways :
- Internet users: Narrowed 73x to 8x
- Mobile phone subscribers: Narrowed 27x to 4x
- Fixed telephone lines: Narrowed 11x to 4x
However, access to technology, capital and knowledge is uneven and not universal. Multi-stakeholder and multi-Sector partnerships are the mechanisms for mobilizing resources in the universal deployment of ICTs.

Immediately following the last panel, speakers from academic institutions in five countries announced an exciting new partnership in research, scholarship, and curriculum design for A2K. [slides]

At right, the A2K Academy’s first book launch. The cover image features Sherezade, an installation by Brazilian artist Hilal Sami Hilal at the Palacio das Artes in 2007, captured by Brazilian photographer Elmo Alves.

online sales valium; Buy Hydrocodone And Xanax Now buy ambien online without rx
buy alprazolam online, Order Xanax With No Prescription cheap ativan buy pharmacy online now
cheapest alprazolam, Buy Xanax Usa Pharmacy Overnight buy valium phillipines
buy alprazolam Order Alprazolam Online Consultation buy valium us pharmacy
buy non genaric ambien online Cheap Valium Visa Gift Card xanax order online no prescription
xanax cheap no prescription! Order Valium Online xanax sales online
what color is generic xanax Lorazepam Sleeping Pill buy xanax without perscription?
cheap alprazolam order now no prescription Cheap Online Pharmacies Xanax Ambien fedex zolpidem fedex next day u s 396.
discount generic xanax Buy Xanax From India No Rx buy brand name xanax
cheapest xanax pills Buy Valium C.o.d ativan lorazepam buy cheap ativan online
lorazepam on line fedex Diazepam No Presciption Cheap ambien cr buy fed ex delivery
buy alprazolam from mexico Buy Ambien With No Prescription cheap generic overseas ativan,
cheap ambien without prescription Ambien Online Ordering buy diazepam saturday delivery
buy valium madre natura Buy Nonprescription Xanax ativan for sale
cheap diazepam Xanax For Sale Cheap xanax generic price!
order ambien from canada Diazepam Valium Sales cheapest xanax no prescription
xanax peach pill Cheapest Site To Buy Valium On-line valium cheap
all about buy xanax! Ambien Where To Buy buying xanax without presciption,
ambien blue pill Want To Buy Alprazolam xanax compare prices
prices for sleep aid ambien Xanax Buy Domain Xanax Atspace Org valium online order

Andrew Rens

This movement has exhibited the basic concern with access to knowledge in a society with knowledge at its center. That must continue. We must invest in our future.

A2K has long relied on scholars. In the coming years, it will need, more than ever, fresh ideas and analysis. A new generation, equipped to surpass what we have done.

The Global A2K academy is a collaborative effort with teams around the world. We would like to see it grow even further.

Scholars have several unique advatages. The space and critical distance to analyzeand work on issues outside the tyranny of the reactive moment. Through searching analysis and empirical investigation, we are often able to act as honest brokers. We are able to work toward a clear positive vision for the future.

As A2K becomes more prevalent, the academy will be increasingly important, for example to respond to criticisms. In my own past, I saw this same pattern demonstrating the importance of scholars in the anti-apartheid movement.

I would like to suggest, therefore, that the launch of the A2K Global Academy is a critical milestone.

Lea Bishop

Launch of Access to Knowledge in Brazil!

With sponsorship from the Ford Foundation, the Information Society Project has embarked on a new series of access to knowledge research, in partnership with colleagues in Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Russia and South Africa.

The first book in this series, Access to Knowledge in Brazil, focuses on current issues in intellectual property, innovation and development policy from a Brazilian perspective. Each chapter is authored by scholars from the Fundação Getulio Vargas law schools in São Paolo and Rio de Janeiro and examines a policy area that significantly impacts access to knowledge in the country. These include: exceptions and limitations to copyright, free software and open business models, patent reform and access to medicines, and open innovation in the biotechnology sector.

Contributors: Jack Balkin, Lea Shaver, Pedro Nicoletti Mizukami, Ronaldo Lemos, Brunos Magrani, Carlos Affonso Pereira de Souza, Alessandro Octaviani, Monica Steffen Guise Rosina, Daniel Wang, Gabriela Costa Chaves, José Antonio Batista de Moura Ziebarth, Karina Grou, Renata Reis, Thana Campos.

Download available here.

Alessandro Octaviani

We put out this book because we want to intervene in concrete issues. I am going form here to a discussion of Brazil’s national biotech policy, with two papers published as part of this volume front and center.

Joaquim Falcao

Joaqim: I have put up on the screen, one of the most important representations of scholarship, a painting of Plato and Aristotle. Plato Points up, but Aristotle points down. Plato points up because he is deductive, reasoning upwards, thinking globally. Aristotle is inductive, reasononing downwards, thinking locally. Plato is reflection. Aristotle is action. Plato is the future. Aristotle is the present. Plato says beware IPR. Aristotle says don’t be constrained by IPR.

This is how we think about IPR at FGV Brazil. We are very glad to be part of this group.

Jack Balkin

As we end the second day of the conference, let me tell you that this book is just the beginning. It is soon to be followed by a volume on A2K in Egypt and A2K in China. Look for something at IGF.

I am a constitutional lawyer as well as a scholar of A2K. With that hat, I study social movements for constitutional change. Successufl social movements have both a “short game” and a “long game.” They are able to deal with the problems immediately before them. And they are able to articulate a larger vision and a long term strategy.

We are involed in a long war of ideas, as well as politics and economics. We need academics.

Lea Shaver, A2K Program Director at the Information Society Project at Yale Law School, introduced the panel. Slides

Sudhir Krishnaswamy

1. Institutions

In the early 1990s IP education in India was very weak. The bar was small and low quality. TRIPS provided a shock to the system. India realized it had been ill-equipped in these negotiations. The bar made IP teaching mandatory, and there is now some form of IP class in all of India’s law schools.

However, IP was taught as if there was an accepted, simple answer. Even as we have finally begun to problematize the discussion in law schools, WIPO has pushed education in management and technology curricula.

At the same time, corporate education programs on IP (e.g. by Microsoft) has become increasingly prevalent

2. Intellectual Frameworks

Because the growth of IP education followed trips, it was largely thought of in terms of a North/South opposition. And the solution to this opposition was to give power to the government.

3. Consequences for A2K

The challenge in India is nether the institutions nor the intellectual frameworks support A2K.

Hong Xue

The capacities that China needs to engage in IP

1. Capacity to Access Accurate Information.

A couple examples. A report has gained wide circulation in China that 90% of software was pirated. But 60% of computers are sold through OEMs! It turns out the survey had been distributed by industry. Similarly, many people in China, particularly, the Chinese government, believe that open source software has vulnerabilities, perhaps intentionally inserted to break open networks.

2. The Capacity to Create a New Development Model.

We should not assume the same development paths will work everywhere.

3. Capacity to take part in global A2K movement

Why is China less involved in A2K then, say, India? Language barriers. Potentially oposition from government. Additionally, a weak civil society.

Nagla Rizk

A2K in the context of Egypt: A pyramid. At the top, Egypt’s involvement in the international arena. Egypt has been very active in the international arena promoting a development agenda.

But within the country (the middle of the pyramid), there is a fragmentation in the implementation agencies, and incoherent policies. Important issues fall between the cracks, and the government often ends up adoptinig maximalist policies.

Finally, the real world (the base of the pyramid). A lot goes on outside the IP system altogether. We need research on what happens here. How does this relate to the governmental policies, and how does it relate to the A2K movement. What we’ve found is that IP-maximalist policies are not enforced at the ground.

So a provacative question: are the on-the-ground practices promoting A2K (regardless of their compliance with the official law).

The crucial elements of capcity building: The Networking is key. Awareness of Issues and Attracting students.

Pedro Paranagua

What we do at FGV. [Slides] FGV has tried to implement a new model of research: solution focused, peerly made, multidiscipliiary, and with credible results.

We work in several fora — national, regional, and international. Classes: student presentations, lecturers, guests, notes taken on a wiki, all done with open educational materials.

First post-graduate IP program in Brazil focused on the public interest. Online courses. Just launched new course on IP & Development.

Multipe programs, like free culture program, the Open Business program. The A2K program. We have permanent representation at WIPO. We take notes and report back in portugues

[lots of beautiful slides flashing by too fast to record!]

What are we working on? Development Agenda. ACTA. Need collaboration between public interest NGO, consumers, academics

Questions

What is the role of student movements in this capacity building discussion?

Pedro - In Brazil, there is a private organization that was suing students for copying educational materials in Brazil. Some of the student unions were sued. They created a counter movement, saying that copying books is a right. They were very active, but they did fade away over time as exams came around. At the Center for Technology and Society we engage students in a lot of research.

Nagla - We do have a Free Culture chapter at my university

Sudhir - there is no doubt that such a movement is important. A lot of my own interests in this came about as a student. There were student fellowships in the program I was in — and today, all the leading IP scholars have come from that program.

Hong - There is not currently a huge student mobilization in China. But 80% of the Chinese population is under 25, so there is a lot of opportunity here.

What are the best ways to create fair policies for development in developing countries? Do we need more “research” than having the narratives that have already been presented around muic, e.g.?

Nagla - I agree that we should start from the base of the pyramid. Go from the bottom up, not the top down.

Sudhir - I think there is a need and important role in intellectual work that will go into translating concerns and narratives into viable legal proposals. My assessment is that at least in the developing world it is at the legal level that we are weakest

Building technical capacity. For example, patent examiners?

Sudhir - Technical capacity is what, for example, WIPO generall focuses on. But the point of my presentation was to push beyond that.

How can A2K activists can work in countries without a longstanding democratic tradition? For exmaple, in Brazil, where the political institutions are more closed, we have gone to the judiciary. How do other countries do it?

Sudhir - In India, the experience has been mixed. It is not clear that the courts are so receptive, so for us it may be that parliament and executive bodies are the better target for us.

The panelists—including an educator, an editor, a journalist and a filmmaker—will bring examples of business successes on multiple continents that reflect A2K ideals toward the spread of culture, entertainment and information.

The questions to be addressed will include:

* What is open business? What are some new business models that support entrepreneurial activity while promoting wider access to culture, entertainment and knowledge?
* How do these models interact with copyright? Does the traditional copyright system support or hinder open business?
* What is the role of technology for empowering the global peripheries and their cultural creations?

William Drake:
• Open business models is a wide phenomenon, not just new on internet but also traditional brick and mortar companies.
• Gaining popularity – many people are using and defining this term.
• Selectively tearing down walls trying to make a unified business ecosystem. Ex: downsizing the firm, collaborative learning, tap into expertise
• Varying degrees of peer production, different forms of labor and authority, looking at expertise based authority
• Looking at platforms like Internet
• Transparency is a big priority
• More open access to sharing knowledge

Charles Igwe:
• Focus has been on expansion of business structures that underpin a commercially and socially successful motion picture industry.
• Origins of Nigerian motion picture experience: natural, economic, political, technological and inspired – commercial exploitation of motion pictures for home entertainment.
• Stock of stories available for conversion into the new media came from existing folklore and contemporary observations and commentary which provided the binding currency with the Nigerian audience
• Export of these films follows family lines – telling own stories —awareness and appetite for Nigerian movies grows exponentially because of diverse formats.
• Piracy is rife, particularly in other African countries
• Local and global demand far outstrips the supply
• Nollywood: coined in 2001 by a New York Times journalist and used to describe the emerging Nigerian cinema. It sticks as a brand and consolidates a global awareness. Film festivals, international tours, and co-productions fully integrate Nigerian movies as alternative viewing in Africa.
• Transition is the present state: hi-definition video, DVD, broadband Internet, mobile devices, all have new implications for Nigerian content industries
• Now there are over 20,000 movies made, 5 dedicated 24 hr channels – Riverwood, Ugowood too!
• Revival of broadcast schedules across Africa, Caribbean
• New Media – Broadband, Mobile
• New Distribution Framework
• Capacity is 24 Disc replication plants, 60 million mobile phone lines
• Current issues: Product quality, piracy as we see it, etc
• Social synergy: social re-engineering – job creation, poverty alleviation, re-skilling, community regeneration. Education – story telling, strengthening local information gathering, preservation and study. Historical and cultural documentation
• Platforms for engagement: BOB TV – African Film and Television Programmes Expo, Business and Networking Plaform for African content, Capacity building for the content industries

Ronaldo Lemos:
• Stakeholders in many discussions involved here in this production – we must involve actors in the A2K movement
• Things he will not talk about: open source, creative commons, free software
• How is technology being appropriated by the global peripheries?
• MUSIC:
• Websites like Trama Virtual is where much of the created music in Brazil goes – 58,000 artists are on it, and more than 200,000 recordings – you can download for free. An entire generation of Brazilian musicians are from this website
• What happens in terms of technology and cultural production for people who do not have computers?
o Consider this musical scene called tecnobrega (in Para) – electronic beats and romantic tunes. Release 400 CDs and 100DVDs every year – but not through stores, in street vendors! The people you think sell pirated goods are actually distributing this on the street. They make a lot of money through sound system parties. Very popular. Research conducted in Nigeria, Mexico, & Colombia about music
o Global markets – everything starts with the dance and the DJs, go to recording studios, they give it to the distributor/street vendors who sell it to the public. The DJs get hired by the concert halls and soundsystem companies and the public pay to go there. There are always funders – producers or party funders – and they sponsor or have stakes in the music. The artists sell CDs and DVDs after they go live. The number they sell is indicative – and often good quality, better lyrics, et cetera, but they are still bought in high numbers.
o Similar story with baile funk.
• MOVIES: Hollywood has the market share of 85%movies worldwide, in Brazil it has 94% — little left for local market. Every year Brazil releases 51, India is 934, Nigeria is 1200, and US is 611.
• GLOBAL: dubstep, miami bass, hip-hop, kuduro, bubblin, champeta, cumbia villera, kwaito, coupe decale.

Regina Case:
• From a huge television network – has a program that goes to places where populations are traditionally excluded from the public sphere.
• Called “Periphery Central”.
• Showed a DVD
• Music is transmitted informally and electronically (ex: over MSN) everything is 100% digital, even for the large parties – but much of this phenomenon is not covered by the mainstream (“by the outskirts for the outskirts”)
• Used to be much more prejudice about “slum music” but apparently becoming more mainstream
• Also examines coupe decale, kuduro

Elizabeth Stark:
• OpenBusiness.cc
• Generally in the cultural sphere, we can look at open business as not relying on traditional means of exclusive property rights
• Different layers of openness – open content, or even potentially gray-area content, open code, open standards
• Often people are looking for a solution. The future of open business is not singular, and it’s not one size fits all! Very diverse
• Reach out to a community of creators – important to reach out to others and use their models
• Lack of reliance on traditional means and copyright
• Software: Linux for example has a LOT of patents. Mozilla makes its money based off Google rights taskbar and donations, or providing a service where there is paid potential but the underlying code is free
• Music and remix culture: ad based models, revenue share, marketing based models, digital balance. Ex. Radiohead
• De facto open model vs. de jure
• Girl Talk!! – gray-area, used a creative commons license. Nine Inch Nails – last two albums under CC (made 1.6M that way)
• Music blogging scene: will post a track and write a description and link (rcrd-lbl – download music for free and revenue adshare)

The panel will address the topical issue of exceptions and limitations to copyright. While copyright protections are mandated by international treaties and are mandatory, by contrast, exceptions and limitations are optional, residing with the national legislature. This has resulted in a patchwork of provisions, increasingly ill-suited to access to and delivery of content in a globalised, networked world. Furthermore, as standards of protection have been strengthened and extended, exceptions and limitations are widely regarded by beneficiaries as having fallen behind. This imbalance has become critical as more and more content is born digital. Will the promise of digital technologies as an enabler of access for all, especially in developing countries, turn out to be a pipedream as legal obstacles to access become the new reality?

These questions have led to a renewed interest in exceptions and limitations, especially their role in the digital environment. Sectors that traditionally rely on exceptions and limitations to help fulfill their mandate, such as libraries and educational institutions, are vocal in support of the public policy goals enshrined in the principle of exceptions and limitations. Recent academic studies and analysis, as well as public consultation by governments, have generated significant new thinking and ideas amongst protagonists.

Winston Tabb:

Limitation and exceptions are important to balancing users and owners rights. They are important to all users of recorded knowledge. Libraries are key stakeholders in this debate pushing for users rights more broadly.

How do we safeguard users rights in the copyright debate?

Bernt Hugenholtz:

Exceptions and limitations are pejorative – they imply that freedom is exceptional and ownership is the rule. Looking at Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights it exemplifies how freedom is, and should be, the rule.

The question this presentation focuses on is on identifying what an international instrument on limitations and exception to copyright might look like.

There are, first of all, many reasons for having international instruments on L&Es. It would help restore the balance in international conventions, eliminate barriers in global trade, promote international legal certainty and protect developing nations against “TRIPS plus” standards in bilateral agreements.

However, it is important to next identify if there is “wiggle room” in the international treaties to develop such international instruments. The room in fact does exist and it exists within the vague definitions of limits to minimum standards and definitions of minimum rights. Notions of ‘public’, ‘reproduction’, etc. are left undefined – as such, there is a lot of room left for carve-outs (carve-outs not subject to the three step test!).

A potential L&E instrument would have focus foremost on “allowing things” not “protecting things.” It would have a preamble that discusses normative considerations. It would have general limits to copyright protection and include limitations and exceptions section that has mandatory and optional L&E’s that are subject to the three step test.

Finally, the instrument should be a multilateral instrument (though regional experimentation is encouraged) with an institutional home in WIPO. Also, this instrument should be a soft law instrument that may eventually develop into a “hard” treaty.

Kenneth Crews:

There is deep significance and importance of “library exceptions.” They expand accessibility of library collections, support research needs of library users, and enhance education among many other things. These exceptions are statutory provisions that allow libraries to make copies of copyright works for purposes of research, preservation etc.

We can postulate about the success of these exceptions. How do we ensure information access and the expansion of knowledge resources and the enhancement of education? The three-step test of the Berne Convention and similar language in TRIPS provides an initial answer.

There are a variety of types of exceptions; however the most common types of exceptions are general exceptions that allow copying for the “purposes of the library” which includes administrative purposes. Other exceptions are more specific (e.g. research only).

There is no library exception in only 21 countries of 149 country statutes surveyed. 74 countries have provisions for exceptions for research or study. 72 countries have provisions that allow for copying for preservation.

One of the main points of this presentation is that if you take any one of these various exceptions, you’ll find that they vary enormously around the world – Who may make the copy? What may be copied? What is the purpose of the copy? What is the relationship to the Three-Step test? The relationship to licensing?

Underlying the diversity and trends are political realities, competing interests, economic and cultural values, history, regional agreements (EU), etc.

Worldwide library exceptions are incredibly important and incredibly diverse and highlight how implementation can vary from country to country.

Emilija Banionyte:

Users should have rights, not “exceptions and limitations.” However we are in a legal world where exceptions and limitations are what we have to work with.

Exceptions and limitations are important for libraries and development.
eIFL.net is a global coalition of 48 national library consortia in transitioning and developing countries.

It offers six programs :
- Negotiating access to commercially available e-resources
- Supporting the creation of sustainable national library consortia
- Knowledge sharing and networking
- Promoting and advocating for free online availability of research literature
- Free and open source software for libraries
- Advocacy for access to knowledge: copyright and libraries.

Why are exceptions and limitation (E&L) important for development? Because libraries are aiming to collect, organize, preserve, and make available the world’s culture and scientific heritage

Without exceptions and limitations every reproduction and every communication would require payment;

International treaties contain flexibilities, however they are often not leveraged by developing countries; in fact the copyright laws of some developing countries are more restrictive than those of developed countries.

As such, the importance of an E&L provision for libraries is critical for development and A2K.

Absolute minimum E&L provisions necessary:
- Private purposes and research
- Translation and quotations
- Educational activities, especially in the electronic learning environment
- Libraries including backup and preservation, inter-library document supply
- Provision for orphan works
- Contracts and TPMs should not override copyright exceptions.

eIFL aims to develop a practical guide aimed at government policy makers. The guide will focus on free uses (E&L that are permitted by law) only and will include basic, minimum provisions only.

Coenraad Visser:

Developing countries have a fairly young population, with nearly a third under the age of 25. Thus, there is a very small group of people generating income and tax income for the government to pay for a lot of programs. Additionally, developing countries often have many indigenous languages and thus translations are necessary to proliferate a lot of educational materials.

Patterns of public spending in developing countries indicate that the government spends nearly 25-30% of its income on education – this 3 to 4 times what the IMF recommends.

The last important factor that is important to consider is the public domain. The extent of the public domain informs how we think about the importance and the number of E&L.

The Appendix to the Berne Convention which is also included in TRIPS, states that developing countries can avail themselves of various provisions if they are unable to successfully implement the general provisions of the Berne Convention. However, few countries actually leverage these provisions because there are many qualifications on the provisions that make them cumbersome and not appealing to many developing countries.

For example, countries are able to demand compulsory licensing if after 1-3 years from the date of first publication, translations has not been published in language in general use in that country by the owner of the right of translation. However, the provision requires that the country in question price the license at a level “reasonably related to that normally charged in the country for comparable work” and that compensation must be paid and transmitted in internationally convertible currency.

Antoine Aubert:

Thoughtful exceptions to copyright are fundamental to competitiveness and growth. CCIA did a study a while ago discussing the positive relationship between fair use and economic growth.
There is the European model of amending the directive every time you want to add an exception. The US model is much more flexible allowing more fluid amendment process to the list of existing exceptions. Flexibility is important to this process.

It is also important to take into account the use of information location tools and user generated content. User created content is great and copyright exceptions must be allowed to ensure that user created content is continued and supported on a global scale. Information location tools like search engines have a social value. They drive traffic towards content producers and thus should be protected as an exception and limitation under the copyright rule.